Quick Start:-Create a brand new primary partition at the start of your first hard drive and ensure it is marked as the active partition. Then format the partition as an MS-DOS System Partition. This is usually done from an MS. Software Gems: The Computer History Museum Historical Source Code Series IBM did something very unusual for their 1981 personal computer. Rather than using IBM proprietary components developed for their many other computers. This MATLAB function executes the specified MS-DOS command for Windows platforms, and waits for the command to finish execution before returning the exit status to the status variable. MS- DOS - Wikipedia. This article is about Microsoft DOS. For other operating systems of the DOS family, see DOS. MS-DOS Command Examples Logging on to a Drive When you type in MS-DOS commands, your drive letter is shown on the command line. You can log on the A: drive (have the A: drive as your prompt) or on to any valid drive by just.EMM386.EXE HIDDEN PARAMETERS. EMM386.EXE is the Microsoft upper/extended/expanded memory manager, located by default in C:\WINDOWS . MS-DOS 7.00/7.10/8.00. All of UNIX is case sensitive. A command with even a single letter's capitalization altered is considered to be a completely different command. The same goes for files, directories, configuration file formats, and the syntax. MS- DOS (EM- es- DOSS; acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System) is a discontinued operating system for x. Microsoft. It was the most commonly used member of the DOS family of operating systems, and was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1. GUI), in various generations of the graphical Microsoft Windows operating system by Microsoft Corporation. MS- DOS resulted from a request in 1. IBM for an operating system to use in its IBM PC range of personal computers. IBM licensed and released it in August 1. PC DOS 1. 0 for use in their PCs. Although MS- DOS and PC DOS were initially developed in parallel by Microsoft and IBM, in subsequent years the two products diverged, with recognizable differences in compatibility, syntax, and capabilities. During its life, several competing products were released for the x. Progressive version releases delivered support for other mass storage media in ever greater sizes and formats, along with added feature support for newer processors and rapidly evolving computer architectures. Ultimately it was the key product in Microsoft's growth from a programming languages company to a diverse software development firm, providing the company with essential revenue and marketing resources. It was also the underlying basic operating system on which early versions of Windows ran as a GUI. It is a flexible operating system, and consumes negligible installation space. History. Development of 8. DOS took only six weeks, as it was basically a clone of Digital Research's CP/M (for 8. Z8. 0 processors), ported to run on 8. CP/M; an improved disk sector buffering logic and the introduction of FAT1. CP/M filesystem. This first version was shipped in August 1. Microsoft kept the version number, but renamed it MS- DOS. They also licensed MS- DOS 1. IBM, who, in August 1. PC DOS 1. 0 as one of three operating systems. Each computer would have its own distinct hardware and its own version of MS- DOS, similar to the situation that existed for CP/M, and with MS- DOS emulating the same solution as CP/M to adapt for different hardware platforms. To this end, MS- DOS was designed with a modular structure with internal device drivers, minimally for primary disk drives and the console, integrated with the kernel and loaded by the boot loader, and installable device drivers for other devices loaded and integrated at boot time. The OEM would use a development kit provided by Microsoft to build a version of MS- DOS with their basic I/O drivers and a standard Microsoft kernel, which they would typically supply on disk to end users along with the hardware. Thus, there were many different versions of . Some machines, like the Tandy 2. MS- DOS compatible but not IBM- compatible, so they could run software written exclusively for MS- DOS without dependence on the peripheral hardware of the IBM PC architecture. This design would have worked well for compatibility, if application programs had only used MS- DOS services to perform device I/O, and indeed the same design philosophy is embodied in Windows NT (see Hardware Abstraction Layer). However, in MS- DOS's early days, the greater speed attainable by programs through direct control of hardware was of particular importance, especially for games, which often pushed the limits of their contemporary hardware. Very soon an IBM- compatible architecture became the goal, and before long all 8. IBM's hardware, and only a single version of MS- DOS for a fixed hardware platform was needed for the market. This version is the version of MS- DOS that is discussed here, as the dozens of other OEM versions of . Believing that it could not compete with AT& T in the Unix market, Microsoft abandoned Xenix, and in 1. Xenix to the Santa Cruz Operation (SCO). On 2. 5 March 2. 01. Microsoft made the code to SCP MS- DOS 1. Altos MS- DOS 2. 1. Tele. Video PC DOS 2. Microsoft Research License Agreement, which makes the code source- available, but not open source as defined by Open Source Initiative or Free Software Foundation standards. It is unrelated to any later versions, including versions 4. MS- DOS 4. x (IBM- developed) . It had many bugs and compatibility issues. First version to introduce volume serial number when formatting hard disks and floppy disks (Disk duplication also. A number of bugs required re issue. First version to support 3. MB floppy drives and diskettes. Hard disk partitions greater than 3. Mi. B and up to a maximum size of 2 Gi. B was now provided by the MS- DOS kernel. Disk compression, upper memory optimization and antivirus included. Version 6. 2 . Fix serious bugs in DBLSPACE. Version 6. 2. 1 (Retail) . JO. SYS is an alternative filename of the IO. SYS kernel file and used as such for . JO. SYS allows booting from either CD- ROM drive or hard disk. Last version to recognize only the first 8. GB of a hard disk. Last general purpose DOS to load Windows. Four different kernels (IO. SYS) observed. With PC DOS 5. IBM- Microsoft agreement started to end, and IBM entered the retail DOS market with IBM DOS 5. PC DOS 6. 1, 6. 3, 7, 2. Localized versions of MS- DOS existed for different markets. Affected issues include Japanese (DOS/V), Korean, Arabic (ADOS 3. Hebrew (HDOS 3. 3/5. Russian (RDOS 4. 0. Eastern European versions of DOS. Competition. In fact, there remains controversy as to whether QDOS was more or less plagiarised from early versions of CP/M code. Digital Research released CP/M- 8. MS- DOS, and it was offered as an alternative to MS- DOS and Microsoft's licensing requirements, but at a higher price. Executable programs for CP/M- 8. MS- DOS were not interchangeable with each other; many applications were sold in both MS- DOS and CP/M- 8. MS- DOS became preponderant (later Digital Research operating systems could run both MS- DOS and CP/M- 8. MS- DOS originally supported the simple . COM, which was modelled after a similar but binary incompatible format known from CP/M- 8. CP/M- 8. 6 instead supported a relocatable format using the file extension. CMD to avoid name conflicts with CP/M- 8. MS- DOS . COM files. MS- DOS version 1. EXE executable file format. Most of the machines in the early days of MS- DOS had differing system architectures and there was a certain degree of incompatibility, and subsequently vendor lock- in. Users who began using MS- DOS with their machines were compelled to continue using the version customized for their hardware, or face trying to get all of their proprietary hardware and software to work with the new system. In the business world the 8. MS- DOS was tied to faced competition from the Unix operating system which ran on many different hardware architectures. Microsoft itself sold a version of Unix for the PC called Xenix. In the emerging world of home users, a variety of other computers based on various other processors were in serious competition with the IBM PC: the Apple II, early Apple Macintosh, the Commodore 6. MS- DOS. At first all these machines were in competition. In time the IBM PC hardware configuration became dominant in the 8. PC hardware without using standard operating system calls ran much faster, but on true PC- compatibles only. Non- PC- compatible 8. IBM PCs and machines that closely imitated their architecture, all running either a single version of MS- DOS compatible only with PCs, or the equivalent IBM PC DOS. Most clones cost much less than IBM- branded machines of similar performance, and became widely used by home users, while IBM PCs had a large share of the business computer market. Microsoft and IBM together began what was intended as the follow- on to MS- DOS/PC DOS, called OS/2. When OS/2 was released in 1. Microsoft began an advertising campaign announcing that . OS/2 was designed for efficient multi- tasking (as was standard in operating systems since 1. MS- DOS also grew by incorporating, by direct licensing or feature duplicating, the functionality of tools and utilities developed by independent companies, such as Norton Utilities, PC Tools (Microsoft Anti- Virus), QEMM expanded memory manager, Stackerdisk compression, and others. During the period when Digital Research was competing in the operating system market some computers, like Amstrad PC1. MS- DOS and CP/M- 8. Digital Research produced DOS Plus, which was compatible with MS- DOS 2. CP/M- 8. 6 programs, had additional features including multi- tasking, and could read and write disks in CP/M and MS- DOS format. While OS/2 was under protracted development, Digital Research released the MS- DOS compatible DR DOS 5. MS- DOS. Unwilling to lose any portion of the market, Microsoft responded by announcing the . This effectively killed most DR DOS sales until the actual release of MS- DOS 5. June 1. 99. 1. Digital Research brought out DR DOS 6. For example, in October 1. DR DOS 5. 0, and long before the eventual June 1. MS- DOS 5. 0, stories on feature enhancements in MS- DOS started to appear in Info. World and PC Week. Brad Silverberg, Vice President of Systems Software at Microsoft and General Manager of its Windows and MS- DOS Business Unit, wrote a forceful letter to PC Week (November 5, 1. Microsoft was engaged in FUD tactics (. There will be some similar features. With 5. 0 million MS- DOS users, it shouldn't be surprising that DRI has heard some of the same requests from customers that we have. Much of Microsoft's further contributions to OS/2 also went into creating a third GUI replacement for DOS, Windows NT. IBM, which had already been developing the next version of OS/2, carried on development of the platform without Microsoft and sold it as the alternative to DOS and Windows. Legal issues. In the due diligence process, Stac engineers had shown Microsoft part of the Stacker source code. Stac was unwilling to meet Microsoft's terms for licensing Stacker and withdrew from the negotiations. Microsoft chose to license Vertisoft's Double. Disk, using it as the core for its Double. Microsoft MS- DOS early source code. Software Gems: The Computer History Museum Historical Source Code Series. IBM did something very unusual for their 1. Rather than using IBM proprietary components developed for their many other computers, the IBM PC used industry standard commercial parts. That included adopting the Intel 8. This “outsourcing” attitude extended to the software as well. Although IBM had prodigious internal software development resources, for the new PC they supported only operating systems that they did not themselves write, like CP/M- 8. Digital Research in Pacific Grove CA, and the Pascal- based P- System from the University of California in San Diego. But their favored OS was the newly- written PC DOS, commissioned by IBM from the five- year- old Seattle- based software company Microsoft. When Microsoft signed the contract with IBM in November 1. They too outsourced it, by first licensing then purchasing an operating system from Seattle Computer Products variously called QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System”) and 8. DOS. PC DOS version 1. IBM first released their PC in August 1. Microsoft then substantially rewrote the software to support subdirectories and hard disks; version 2. IBM PC- XT in March of 1. Microsoft retained the rights to the operating system and licensed it to other computer manufacturers, calling it MS- DOS. With the permission of Microsoft Corporation, the Computer History Museum is pleased to make available the source and object code to Microsoft’s MS- DOS operating system versions 1. The zip file contains four subdirectories: v. Tim Patersonv. 11object: 2. To access this material, you must agree to the terms of the license displayed here, which permits only non- commercial use and does not give you the right to license it to third parties by posting copies elsewhere on the web. Download Microsoft DOS V1. V2. 0 Source Code. Other historical source code releases in this series include IBM’s APL programming language, Apple II DOS, Adobe’s Photoshop, Apple Macpaint/Quick. Draw, and Microsoft’s Word for Windows. We are a 5. 01(c)3 non- profit organization. More about the origins of MS- DOSStarting from scratch: NOTThe most popular operating system for small microcomputers in the late 1. CP/M, written by Gary Kildall in about 1. Digital Research, Inc. But they were not able to agree on licensing terms, so IBM left and pursued other options. Tim Paterson in 1. IBM had already contracted with Microsoft to provide a BASIC interpreter for the PC, so they asked them to investigate also providing the operating system. Microsoft proposed licensing “8. DOS”, which had been written by Tim Paterson at Seattle Computer Products (SCP) for their 8. CP/M was late. When SCP signed the licensing deal . Paterson said “We all had our suspicions that it was IBM that Microsoft was dealing with, but we didn’t know for sure.” . It’s IBM.’”Microsoft originally licensed 8. DOS in December 1. By the next summer they recognized the importance of owning it and being able to license it to other companies making IBM- PC clones, so they purchased all rights for an additional $5. Over the next 1. 1 months Paterson worked for Microsoft, interacting intensely with the IBM engineers developing the PC in Boca Raton, Florida. Version 1. 0 of PC- DOS was complete in July 1. IBM PC. SCP later sued Microsoft, claiming that they had concealed its relationship with IBM in order to purchase the operating system cheaply. SCP ultimately settled out of court for almost $1. M. MS- DOS . Inspired by the 8- bit CP/M, Paterson’s 1. At Digital Research, Gary Kildall’s opinion was that MS- DOS infringed on their copyrights for CP/M. He was furious, and confronted both Bill Gates at Microsoft and IBM, but his lawyer recommended against a lawsuit. But he was astounded that when the PC was released, IBM charged $2. CP/M, and only $4. DOS.” . I just took his printed documentation and did something that did the same thing.” . Kildall’s accusations about Bill Gates were totally groundless.” . Version 1. 1, which supported double- sided (3. KB) floppy disk drives, was released in May of 1. In the meantime, a team of Microsoft programmers that included company co- founder Paul Allen was working on a major revision to add hierarchical subdirectories, and to support the hard disks that would be available on the IBM PC- XT. DOS 2. 0 was almost twice as big as DOS 1. Kbytes of memory instead of 1. Kbytes. It shipped in March 1. PC- XT as PC- DOS 2. MS- DOS 2. 0. MS- DOS continued to be enhanced until the late 1. Windows and other advanced operating systems with graphical user interfaces had taken over. What early versions MS- DOS did. An operating system that fits in 1. Kbytes of memory is very different from the large and complex operating systems we use today. MS- DOS was basically a file manager and a simple program loader. The user interface was text commands typed on a keyboard, followed by text responses displayed on the screen. There was no graphical output, and no mouse for input. Only one user application program could run at a time. File names were limited to 8 characters, plus a 3- character extension indicating the file type. There were commands like “dir” to list the files in a directory, and “del” to delete a file; you ran a program by typing the name of its executable file. In addition to adding hierarchical directories and hard disk support, the rewritten version 2. KB to 3. 60 KB. Despite its primitive facilities, for fifteen years DOS was the bedrock upon which thousands of application programs running on millions of IBM PCs and PC clones depended. Acknowledgements. I had the source code for version 2. We are very grateful to Roy Levin, Managing Director of Microsoft Research, Silicon Valley, for working many months to make that happen. But I didn’t have the source to the earlier version 1. Microsoft. Just as I was finishing the first draft of this article, I received it directly from the author, Tim Paterson! We are grateful to Tim for sending it, and to Roy for quickly getting the additional permission needed to release it as well. References. Microsoft lawsuit proceedings.
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Department” means the Department of Energy and Environmental Protection; (2) “Commissioner” means the Commissioner of Energy and Environmental Protection; (3) “Cathode ray tube” or “CRT” means a vacuum tube or picture tube used to convert an electronic signal into a visual image; (4) “Computer” means an electronic, magnetic, optical, electrochemical, or other high- speed data processing device performing a logical, arithmetic or storage function, and may include, but not be limited to, both a computer central processing unit and a monitor, but does not include an automated typewriter or typesetter, a portable handheld calculator, a portable digital assistant or other similar device; (5) “Covered electronic device” or “CED” means desktop or personal computers, computer monitors, portable computers, CRT- based televisions and non- CRT- based televisions or any other similar or peripheral electronic device specified in regulations adopted pursuant to section 2. A) An electronic device that is a part of a motor vehicle or any component part of a motor vehicle assembled by, or for, a vehicle manufacturer or franchise dealer, including replacement parts for use in a motor vehicle; (B) an electronic device that is functionally or physically a part of a larger piece of equipment designed and intended for use in an industrial, commercial or medical setting, including diagnostic, monitoring or control equipment; (C) an electronic device that is contained within a clothes washer, clothes dryer, refrigerator, refrigerator and freezer, microwave oven, conventional oven or range, dishwasher, room air conditioner, dehumidifier or air purifier; (D) telephones of any type unless they contain a video display area greater than four inches measured diagonally; or (E) any handheld device used to access commercial mobile radio service, as such service is defined in 4. CFR 2. 0. 3; (6) “Covered electronic recycler” means a recycler that is approved to recycle covered electronic devices by the department; (7) “Manufacturer” means any person who: (A) Manufactures or manufactured covered electronic devices under a brand that it licenses, owns or owned, for sale in this state; (B) manufactures or manufactured covered electronic devices without affixing a brand, for sale in this state; (C) resells or has resold in this state under its own brand or label a covered electronic device produced by other suppliers, including retail establishments that sell covered electronic devices under their own brand names; (D) imports or imported into the United States or exports from the United States covered electronic devices for sale in this state; (E) sells at retail a covered electronic device acquired from an importer that is the manufacturer as described in subparagraph (D) of this subdivision, and elects to register in lieu of the importer as the manufacturer for those products; or (F) manufactures or manufactured covered electronic devices, supplies them to any person or persons within a distribution network that includes wholesalers or retailers in this state, and benefits from the sale in this state of those covered electronic devices through such distribution network; (8) “Manufacturer’s brands” means a manufacturer’s name, brand name or brand label, and all manufacturer’s names, brand names and brand labels for which the manufacturer has legal responsibility, including those names, brand names and brand labels of companies that have been acquired by the manufacturer; (9) “Monitor” means a separate video display component of a computer that does not contain a tuner, whether sold separately or together with a computer central processing unit or computer box, and includes a cathode ray tube, liquid crystal display, gas plasma, digital light processing or other image projection technology greater than four inches when measured diagonally, and its case, interior wires and circuitry; (1. Person” means an individual, trust firm, joint stock company, business concern and corporation, including, but not limited to, a government department, partnership, limited liability company or association; (1. Portable computer” means a computer and video display greater than four inches in size that can be carried as one unit by an individual, including, but not limited to, a laptop computer; (1. Buy's electronics recycling program. The State of Hawaii has enacted the Hawaii Electronic Waste and. Health’s Electronic Device and Television Recycling Law. Purchase” means the taking, by sale, of title in exchange for consideration; (1. Recycling” means any process by which covered electronic devices that would otherwise become solid waste or hazardous waste are collected, separated and processed to be returned to use in the form of raw materials or products, in accordance with environmental standards established by the department; (1. Registrant” means a manufacturer or group of manufacturers of covered electronic devices that is, or who are, in compliance with the requirements of sections 2. Retail sales” includes sales of products through sales outlets, via the Internet, mail order or other means, whether or not the seller has a physical presence in this state; (1. Retailer” means a person who owns or operates a business that sells new covered electronic devices in this state by any means to a consumer; (1. Sell” or “sale” means any transfer of title for consideration, including, but not limited to, transactions conducted through sales outlets, catalogs or the Internet, or any other similar electronic means, and excluding leases; (1. Television” means a stand- alone display system containing a CRT or any other type of display primarily intended to receive video programming via broadcast, having a viewable area greater than four inches when measured diagonally, able to adhere to standard consumer video formats such as PAL, SECAM, NTSC, ATSC and HDTV and having the capability of selecting different broadcast channels and supporting sound capability; (1. Video display” means an output surface having a viewable area greater than four inches when measured diagonally that displays moving graphical images or a visual representation of image sequences or pictures, showing a number of quickly changing images on a screen in fast succession to create the illusion of motion, including, but not limited to, a device that is an integral part of the display that cannot be easily removed from the display by the consumer and that produces the moving image on the screen and includes technology using a cathode ray tube, liquid crystal display, gas plasma, digital light processing or other image projection technology; (2. Orphan device” means a covered electronic device, excluding CRT- based televisions and non- CRT- based televisions, for which no manufacturer, as defined in this section, can be identified or for which the manufacturer is no longer in business and has no successor in interest; and(2. Market share” means a manufacturer’s national sales of a particular product category of CEDs expressed as a percentage of the total of all manufacturers’ national sales for such product category of CEDs.(P. A. 0. 8- 3. 5 made a technical change in Subdiv. Subdivs. 1. 1- 8. Commissioner of Environmental Protection” and “Department of Environmental Protection” were changed editorially by the Revisors to “Commissioner of Energy and Environmental Protection” and “Department of Energy and Environmental Protection”, respectively, effective July 1, 2. Sec. The department may review, at a public hearing, as necessary, the CED recycling and registration fees.(b) Not later than January 1, 2. CEDs in calendar year 2. On or after January 1, 2. CEDs by any means in the state prior to January 1, 2. One per cent of the prior year’s total share of orphan devices expressed in pounds multiplied by fifty cents, or (2) one thousand dollars.(c) Commencing July 1, 2. Not later than April 1, 2. All fees charged shall be based on factors relative to the costs of administering such program and be based on a sliding scale that is representative of the manufacturer’s market share of covered electronic devices in the state. Market share information shall be based on available national market share data. Fees shall be established in amounts to fully cover but not to exceed expenses incurred by the commissioner for the implementation of such program, including the cost of any education or outreach necessary to carry out such program.(P. A. 1. 1- 8. 0, “Commissioner of Environmental Protection” and “Department of Environmental Protection” were changed editorially by the Revisors to “Commissioner of Energy and Environmental Protection” and “Department of Energy and Environmental Protection”, respectively, in Subsec. State- wide electronics recycling program. Municipal participation. Covered electronic recyclers. Penalty for nonpayment. Said state- wide electronics recycling program for the recycling of CRT- based and non- CRT- based televisions shall be funded by allocating the cost of the program among the manufacturers selling CRT- based and non- CRT- based televisions in the state based on a sliding scale that is representative of the manufacturer’s market share of CRT- based and non- CRT- based televisions in the state. Which University Has The Best Kinesiology Program In Canada - Free Software and Shareware11/26/2016 Canada Kinesiology University Programs. Browse through the list of Canadian Kinesiology bachelor, masters, and doctorate courses, programs and degrees offered by universities in Canada. Kinesiology (also called human kinetics or exercise science) is the science of human movement. Kinesiology is applied in physical and occupational therapy, as well as the sport and exercise industries. In Canada, kinesiology is a professional designation and a regulated health profession. Kinesiology is the study of human movement, and its goal is to discover strategies to improve human health and performance. UNB’s Faculty of Kinesiology has been a Canadian leader in kinesiology. The undergraduate Kinesiology program prepares. Canada; France; Germany; India; Indonesia; Italy; Malaysia; Mexico.
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December 2016
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